One of the greatest scourges facing our society is人口过多尤其是在致密的城市中心，以及服务基础设施达到日益增长的能力的相关能力。下水道is one of those critical service issues, and to add to the sewage system overload, is the grave risk that high demand and incapacity place on the environment and to human health with leaks and spills. In addition, aging infrastructure does not hold well when literally weighed down.
Thepopulation explosionsthat have happened and urban influx were never anticipated at such an exponential growth rate when the original city infrastructure was planned and designed. An overburdened sewage system will undoubtedly collapse under the strain. Once this happens, untold health and ecological contamination ensues, affecting surface and groundwater resources, essentially our drinking water supplies.
美国康涅狄格州的公民领导了一项不懈的运动，以使其房屋通过“了解”有关污水溢出和泄漏的进步法律。该法案是向与任何污水有关的公众发出警告的主动手段health risks并将使公民积极避免所有高风险水体。根据美国EPA的说法，每年仅被下水道溢出污染的水中游泳，多达350万人生病。
Besides the chemical toxins and废水在污水中发现；危险的危险生命的微生活比比皆是。这些病原体是致命的寄生虫，细菌和病毒，进入我们的海洋鸟类和休闲内陆水体。将剧毒化学和生物含量释放到环境中可以产生健康流行病，例如霍乱。必威国际必威官网
Pathogens
这些微生物引起的一些致命健康影响是腹泻必威国际必威官网，胃痉挛，发烧，皮肤真菌，蠕虫，肝炎，症状可能是急性（短期）或慢性（长期）。更长的持久作用甚至可能导致倾向的个体的完全免疫崩溃，这些人已经被其他免疫疾病（例如艾滋病毒/艾滋病）削弱了。看来，人口群体更容易易受病原体的敏感性，这是年幼的孩子和老年人。病原体可以通过不同的途径进入身体，最明显的皮肤接触，还可以通过鼻子，口腔，吸入，喝污染的水，手到口中的伤口。
Cholera epidemics have been reported throughout the globe, hotspots being areas of poverty, lack of water supply and sanitation. Not forgetting during natural disasters, pathogens also thrive.
Vibrio Cholerae，引起霍乱的细菌，这是"bacterial infection which is contracted by drinking contaminated water or by eating food which has been in contact with contaminated water, flies or soiled hands. The germs which cause cholera can be found in the stools of human beings (KZN DoH, 2001)."
e.coli, another one of thescaries, knows not class and no matter where a sewage leak arises, the risk of disease awaits. Like most pathogens, over time they become resistant to human antibiotics and are able to proliferate. One such stubborn bacteria, is大肠杆菌/大肠杆菌，对大多数抗生素的抗性。最常见的途径是通过通过粪便摄入污染的食物来传播到食物上。e.coli具有高度传染性，通过触摸传播，引起严重的腹部痉挛，粪便中的血液，疲劳和呕吐，仅举几个症状。
下图提供了病原体及其对人体的影响的分解。
资料来源：美国河流
坏死性快速炎细菌
Another scary pathogen is theNecrotising fastitis, it destroys skin, tissue and fat layers within a short period. It's earned the name 'flesh-eating bacteria' due to its rapid disintegration of skin and tissue. In KwaZulu-Natal, a victim was swimming in the lagoon on the south coast, injuring his foot on the rocks, he didn't realise the horror he was facing. He experienced unusual pain in the affected area and the next day rushed himself to a doctor only to discover he had contracted the deadly bacteria in the water that had entered through the small open wounds. It resulted in his limb being amputated to rid his body of the rapid infection. The victim, RW Johnston (2009), said:"Almost certainly the reason the lagoon was polluted with such a deadly organism was to do with the dumping of raw sewage by communities living upriver".
High Nutrient Content
未经处理的原始污水还含有高水平的营养（即农药和化学物质），导致藻华，其中一些对人类有毒，可以通过贝类消费或娱乐性游泳在食物链中传播。症状包括腹痛，呕吐，腹泻，肝衰竭等。
生态风险
Besides the human health impacts, raw sewage leaking into the environmental decimates other life-forms, destroying food sources and places for habitation.
Odours and Gases
Not only does sewage reek, it is dangerous in that passing through the system is not only organically producing decomposition gas, but household and industrial wastewater chemicals. Sewer gases may contain a range of gases from ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide; hydrogen sulphide (rotten egg smell), illegal hazardous discharges of fuels and other chemicals, all contribute to the odours, explosion risks and health risks.
土壤和粮食作物污染
污水浸润的土壤表面和地下土层的溢出，穿透地下水。尽管水是一种生存资源，但土壤也是如此，我们需要健康的土壤来种植健康食品。必威国际必威官网中等途径之一是从土壤到农作物再到人类食物消耗水平。
日常预防措施
卫生的基本形式可能有助于减轻污水健康风险和途径，如下：必威国际必威官网
在贫困地区为寻求适当的服务而苦苦挣扎，高警觉是每天的生活方式：
Credit: (KZN DoH, 2001)
在特权的水和卫生服务领域，每日谨慎也适用；JC Brown（1995）建议以下内容：
The advances made by Connecticut should be a precedence-setting globally where all local governments enact similar legislation not only making the public aware (often people flush all sorts of nasties that clog up the system too) but also creating watch-dog citizens who are able to aid the government in monitoring and addressing these infrastructural failures. Certainly no government wants the disaster management costs and health epidemics that are created from raw sewage into the environment.
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